b'the Secretary of State has powers to prevent FRAs from using the power in specific circumstances (a reserve power). Consequently, section 19 of the 2004 Act has been repealed to facilitate simplified charging provisions. The existing prohibitions on charging for the following functions remain: extinguishing fires, or protecting life and property in the event of fires, other than fires at or under the sea (which is an existing provision); emergency medical assistance. Additional reserve powers, outlined in the local authority general power of competence impact assessment, prevent fire and rescue authorities from acting in specified circumstances or in specified ways. The Secretary of State has a power similar to the existing section 94 of the 2003 Act for local authorities, which would not permit fire and rescue authorities to charge in response to emergencies. Passenger transportCharging and Trading powers of IPAs and PTEs 6.12 There are six passenger transport executives in England, covering areas which correspondthough are not limitedto the (now defunct) metropolitan counties. When a combined authority is created the integrated transport area and integrated transport authority are replaced with the combined area and combined authority. This happened in Greater Manchester on 1 April 2011 and happened in three other integrated transport areas from 1 April 2014: to become the larger Liverpool City Region, as well as Sheffield City Region, and West Yorkshire combined areas. In West Yorkshire and West Midlands, the PTE has been absorbed into the combined authority, and is no longer a separate legal entity; in these areas the combined authority itself is the executive. As regards charging and trading powers of Integrated Transport Authorities (ITA) and Passenger Transport Executives (PTE), Chapter 3 of the Localism Act 2011 introduced broadly similar powers to those available for main-stream local government in this respect. ITA powers can now be found at sections 102B102D of the Transport Act 2008 (TA 2008). PTE corresponding powers are inserted at sections 10A10C of the Transport Act 1968 (TA 1968) and are summarised as follows: Section 10A(1)(e) of the TA 1968 allows PTEs to trade commercially, provided that where the activities are for a commercial purpose the PTE must use a company or a registered society (section 10B(6) of the TA 1968). As with similar powers for wider local government, there is no definition in the TA 1968 for commercial purpose. The interpretation of the term appears to take its plain English use, meaning a purpose arising out of the ordinary transactions of a merchant, trader or company intended to produce profit.75'